Flower:

• The flowers of Quercus alba are small and inconspicuous, typical of oak species.
• Male flowers appear in slender, dangling yellow-green catkins that can grow up to 2–4 inches long. These produce pollen in the spring.
• Female flowers are tiny, reddish, and found near the leaf axils. They are less noticeable than the male catkins.
• Flowering occurs in spring, usually in April or May, and coincides with the emergence of new leaves.

Fruit:

• The fruit is a large acorn, about 3/4–1 inch long and 1/2–3/4 inch wide.
• Acorns are enclosed at the base by a shallow, scaly cap (cupule) that covers about 1/4 of the nut.
• When mature, the acorns turn a warm brown color and drop in fall.
• These acorns are an important food source for wildlife such as squirrels, deer, turkeys, and blue jays.

Foliage:

• Leaves are deciduous and deeply lobed, with 5–9 rounded lobes per leaf, giving them a classic oak appearance.
• They are dark green on the upper surface and pale green to whitish underneath due to a waxy coating, which helps with moisture retention.
• Leaves are typically 4–9 inches long and 2–4 inches wide.
• In the fall, the foliage transforms into brilliant shades of red, burgundy, and purple, creating a stunning display.

Summary:

The flowers of Quercus alba may be subtle, but they are critical for acorn production. The acorns are a defining feature, providing sustenance for wildlife, while the foliage, with its lobed leaves and vibrant fall color, makes this iconic oak a standout in landscapes and forests alike.

Light Requirements:
Prefers full sun. White oaks thrive best in full sunlight, which encourages strong, healthy growth. While they can tolerate partial shade, especially when young, full sun exposure is essential for mature trees to reach their full potential.

Soil Requirements:
Prefers well-draining, slightly acidic to neutral soil. White oaks grow well in various soil types, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils, as long as they drain well. The soil pH should be slightly acidic to neutral (pH 5.5-7.0). Incorporating organic matter such as compost can improve soil fertility and support healthy root development.

Watering:
Requires regular watering, especially during the first few years. White oaks need consistent moisture, particularly during their establishment period. Water deeply to encourage deep root growth, which will help the tree withstand drought conditions as it matures. Once established, white oaks are drought-tolerant but will benefit from supplemental watering during prolonged dry spells.

Temperature and Humidity:
Hardy in USDA zones 3-9. White oaks are well-suited to a wide range of climates, from the cold northern regions to the warm southern areas of the United States. They can tolerate cold winters and are generally resilient to temperature fluctuations. The tree prefers moderate humidity but is adaptable to varying conditions.

Fertilization:
Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring. Young white oaks may benefit from light fertilization to promote healthy growth, but mature trees typically do not require regular fertilization unless they are showing signs of nutrient deficiency. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of root development.

Pruning:
Prune in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. White oaks benefit from regular pruning to remove dead, damaged, or diseased branches. Pruning helps maintain the tree's structure and encourages healthy new growth. Avoid heavy pruning, as this can stress the tree. For large branches, it's best to consult a professional arborist to ensure proper technique and safety.

Pests and Problems:
White oaks are generally resilient but may be affected by pests such as oak wilt, leaf miners, and gypsy moths. Ensuring good air circulation around the tree and monitoring for signs of disease or infestation can help prevent serious problems. If pests or diseases are detected, treat with appropriate measures, such as insecticidal soap, fungicides, or professional intervention.