Fagus grandifolia

Foliage: The leaves are ovate, dark green in the summer, and turn a golden-bronze in the fall. The leaves are also semi-evergreen, often remaining on the tree through winter before dropping in spring.

Flowers: Produces small, inconspicuous flowers in the spring, followed by triangular nuts (beechnuts) enclosed in spiny husks.

Light Requirements: Prefers full sun to partial shade. For optimal growth, ensure the tree receives at least 4-6 hours of direct sunlight daily. While it can tolerate partial shade, full sun encourages a more robust structure and better fall color.

Soil Requirements: Thrives in well-draining, rich, loamy soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5-7.0). It is adaptable to various soil types but prefers moist, fertile soils. Avoid heavy clay soils or poorly drained areas, as these conditions can lead to root rot.

Watering: Requires regular watering, especially during its establishment period. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Deep, infrequent watering is recommended over shallow, frequent watering to encourage deep root growth. Once established, Fagus grandifolia is moderately drought-tolerant but will benefit from additional watering during prolonged dry spells.

Temperature and Humidity: Hardy in USDA zones 4-9. Prefers moderate temperatures and humidity levels. American Beech trees are well-suited to temperate climates and can withstand cold winters. However, young trees may need some protection from extreme cold or drying winds.

Fertilization: Generally, Fagus grandifolia does not require much fertilization if planted in rich, fertile soil. However, a light application of a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring can support healthy growth, particularly in nutrient-poor soils. Avoid excessive fertilization, as it can lead to overly vigorous growth that may be more susceptible to pests and diseases.

Pruning: Prune in late winter or early spring to remove dead or damaged branches and to shape the tree. Pruning helps improve air circulation within the canopy, reducing the risk of disease. Avoid heavy pruning, as beech trees do not respond well to extensive cuts. Instead, focus on maintaining the natural shape of the tree.

Pests and Problems: Generally pest-resistant, but can be susceptible to beech bark disease, aphids, and scale insects. Ensure good air circulation around the tree to prevent fungal diseases. If pests are detected, treat with insecticidal soap or neem oil. Regularly inspect the tree for any signs of disease or pest infestation.