Plants with a place in the medicine chest of history. The medicinal mavens gather the herbs, shrubs, and trees that people have turned to for healing and wellbeing across centuries and cultures, grown here for their beauty, their stories, and their long human use.
Smooth sumac is a bold, colony-forming native shrub of the eastern and central United States, in time reaching the scale of a small tree, and one of the finest plants going for a hot, dry, sunny site where little else will thrive. The long, pinnately compound leaves give an almost tropical texture through summer, and the plant spreads by root suckers into broad, picturesque colonies, or can be held to a single tree-like specimen where the suckers are controlled.
Hardiness
Zones 4–8
Light
Full Sun
Height
9–15 ft.
Spread
10–15 ft.
Bloom
Yellow
Plant type
Shrub
Traditional use
digestive health, respiratory support, topical applications, general wellness
Staghorn sumac is a bold native shrub or small tree of the northeastern United States and Canada, growing fifteen to thirty feet on stout, forking stems clothed in fine velvety hairs, the texture and antler-like branching that give the plant the name. The big, pinnate leaves are bright green through summer and turn a spectacular blend of yellow, orange, and red in fall, one of the great autumn shrubs of the eastern flora.
Hardiness
Zones 4–8
Light
Full Sun / Part Shade
Height
15–30 ft.
Spread
15–20 ft.
Bloom
Yellow
Plant type
Shrub
Traditional use
digestive health, respiratory support, topical applications, general wellness
Rosemary is a timeless classic in both the garden and the kitchen, an aromatic evergreen shrub of the sun-baked Mediterranean coast, so distinctive that botanists long kept rosemary in a genus apart, Rosmarinus officinalis, before recent study moved the herb into the sages as Salvia rosmarinus. The old genus name means dew of the sea, for the plant's love of bright, salt-swept coastal hillsides. Slender, needle-like, deep green leaves clothe the woody stems the year round, and soft blue flowers open along them from winter into spring.
Hardiness
Zones 7–10
Light
Full Sun
Height
2–4 ft.
Spread
2–3 ft.
Bloom
Blue
Plant type
Shrub
Traditional use
digestive health, mental & emotional well-being, general wellness, topical applications
Rudbeckia fulgida var. fulgida is the true orange coneflower, the wild species that stands behind the famous 'Goldsturm', quieter, finer, and later to bloom than that celebrated garden child. From a low clump of dark, roughly hairy leaves rise branching stems two to three feet tall, each ending in a small golden daisy about two inches across, the deep yellow rays set around a low dome of brown-black. Where many of the black-eyed Susans have blazed and faded by August, the orange coneflower is only getting started, carrying many small flowers from late summer well into October.
Salix chaenomeloides, the Japanese pussy willow, is a fast-growing shrub or small tree native to Japan, Korea, and parts of China, long valued in East Asian gardens for the show the plant makes in the depths of winter. Well before the leaves break, the bare branches set fat, silvery-white catkins with a soft, velvety nap, the largest and most striking of any pussy willow, and the branches are cut by the armful for early-spring arrangements.
Blue vervain rises in summer as a candelabra of slender, pencil-thin spikes, each one lit from the base upward with tiny, five-lobed flowers in a saturated purplish blue that few native perennials can match. Verbena hastata is a clump-forming perennial of eastern North America, reaching two to four feet in good ground and occasionally stretching to six, on stiff, square, hairy stems that branch toward the top. The lance-shaped leaves are sharply toothed and rough to the touch, a coarse green foil for the refined flower spikes above. Bloom comes slowly and deliberately from July into September, only a few florets open on each spike at any moment, so the plant seems to smolder for weeks rather than flare all at once.
Ironweed earns the name twice over. The stems are stiff enough to stand through a hurricane season without staking, and the seedheads that follow the flowers rust to the exact color of weathered iron. But the reason to grow Vernonia noveboracensis is the purple: not the tidy lavender of garden asters but a saturated, almost fluorescent violet that arrives in late July and holds into October, riding five to eight feet up on strong green stems above a mass of long, finely toothed leaves. Few native perennials carry a color this pure so late in the year.
Some plants stand quietly in the garden, and some speak. Vitex agnus-castus has been speaking for more than two thousand years, from sun-washed Mediterranean shores to monastery cloisters, from the herbals of ancient Greece to the borders of Southern gardens. In Homer's day the fragrant leaves and lavender flower spikes were woven into ritual garlands. The Romans knew the shrub as the chaste tree, a name wrapped in legend, since the peppery seeds were once thought to cool passion, which earned the seeds the cloister nickname of monk's pepper. The double name says as much twice over: agnus is Latin for lamb and castus for chaste, while the genus Vitex comes from vieo, to weave, a nod to the pliant branches once bent into baskets.
A medium to large deciduous shrub closely related to the native buttonbush, Adina rubella wears smaller leaves and bears similar but daintier flowers: round, scented heads of pale pink and white, each bristling with styles into a small Sputnik, carried over a long season from early summer well into fall. The pincushion blooms draw bees and butterflies just as the buttonbushes do, and an open, arching habit gives the shrub a fine-textured grace.
The century plant is the great architectural agave, a broad rosette of thick, gray green, spine-tipped leaves that can spread six to eight feet across, each leaf edged with hooked teeth and ending in a hard dark spine. The form is bold and symmetrical, a piece of living sculpture for a hot, dry corner, and the silver cast of the foliage carries the planting through every season.
A graceful native onion, Allium cernuum, the nodding onion, lifts loose clusters of pink to lavender, bell-shaped flowers that bend over in a soft arc at the top of slender stems, swaying through mid and late summer above tufts of grassy, blue-green foliage. The nodding habit gives the plant a particular charm, and the flowers draw native bees, butterflies, and other pollinators in good numbers.
Hardiness
Zones 4–8
Light
Full Sun / Part Shade
Height
12–18 in.
Spread
6–8 in.
Bloom
Pink
Plant type
Perennial
Traditional use
respiratory support, digestive health, immune support
Amelanchier canadensis is the coastal-plain member of a confusing and much-loved genus, a suckering multi-stemmed shrub or small tree of fifteen to twenty-five feet that reads as a thicket in the wild and as an airy vase in the garden. The show begins absurdly early: white flowers in short upright racemes open on bare gray wood while the woods are still brown, hold for a week or so, and then go. Fruit follows in June, raisin-sized, ripening green to red to a deep purple-black, sweet with a faint almond note. Autumn runs from yellow through orange to russet-red, and the bark, smooth and silver-gray with darker striping, carries the winter.
Hardiness
Zones 4–8
Light
Full Sun / Part Shade
Height
15–25 ft.
Spread
15–20 ft.
Bloom
White
Plant type
Shrub
Traditional use
digestive health, general wellness, immune support, reproductive health
Few spring sights stir the woodland gardener like wild columbine in bloom. Aquilegia canadensis hangs nodding red-and-yellow bells, spurred and lantern-like, over lacy blue-green foliage, catching the low light of April along forest edges, rocky outcrops, and Appalachian coves where the plant has grown for ages. The eastern red columbine, or simply wild columbine, is among the most beloved of native spring wildflowers.
The strawberry tree is a handsome broadleaf evergreen, a large shrub or small tree hung in fall and early winter with clusters of nodding, urn-shaped, pinkish-white flowers, just as the previous year's fruit ripens to warty, orange-red, strawberry-like globes. Flowers and fruit on the branches at once is the particular charm of Arbutus unedo, and the glossy leaves and shredding cinnamon bark hold interest year round.
Hardiness
Zones 7–9
Light
Full Sun / Part Shade
Height
15–25 ft.
Spread
10–15 ft.
Bloom
White
Plant type
Shrub
Traditional use
detoxification & cleansing, digestive health, heart support
A small shrub built like a miniature tree, Ardisia crenata rises on one clean stem to two or four feet, occasionally six, and carries a single tier of glossy dark green leaves at the top like a parasol. The leaf margins are thick and scalloped, waved just enough to catch the light along the edge. Small white to pale pink stars hang in nodding clusters in late spring, lightly scented, and are followed by the reason anyone actually grows the shrub: tight bunches of round, lacquer-red berries that hold from autumn straight through to the next flowering.
The uncommon white-berried form of coral ardisia, Ardisia crenata 'Alba' is a small, neat evergreen shrub of glossy, scallop-edged dark green leaves, hung in fall and winter with clusters of round white berries in place of the usual coral red. The pale fruit and shining foliage give a long season of quiet interest, indoors in a bright room or out in a shaded, frost-free garden.
Low, shining, and quietly territorial, Ardisia japonica travels on slender underground stems and knits a dense evergreen carpet eight to twelve inches high across ground that most groundcovers refuse. The leaves are gathered in loose whorls near the tips of the stems, glossy and finely toothed, dark enough to read as almost black in deep shade. Small white to pale pink stars nod beneath the foliage in midsummer, easy to miss unless you kneel, and the berries that follow ripen coral red and hang on through winter, often still bright when the next year's flowers open.
Ardisia japonica 'Hakuokan' is a jewel of the Japanese shade garden, a low evergreen groundcover whose small, glossy, leathery leaves are edged in a clean band of creamy white. The green species, called yabukoji in Japan and marlberry in English, has grown wild in the woodland understory of Japan, Korea, China, and Taiwan for ages, spreading quietly by underground runners into knee-low colonies. 'Hakuokan', a name that reads roughly as white royal crown, is a variegated selection prized by collectors, slower and more compact than the plain species and all the more luminous for the pale margin that catches light in a dim corner.
Ardisia japonica 'Hinode' is a variegated form of the Japanese marlberry, each glossy, dark green leaf marked with a broad gold band down the center. Low and slowly spreading, this evergreen carpets shaded ground at eight to twelve inches, lit by the gold variegation and dotted in fall with bright red berries that hold into winter.
Butterfly weed is the orange star of the summer meadow, a strong-growing native perennial of eastern North America and a longtime favorite of gardeners. Flower color ranges from clear yellow to nearly red, but the typical Asclepias tuberosa blazes a vivid orange that butterflies, and the eye, find from across the garden.
Hardiness
Zones 4–9
Light
Full Sun
Height
12–24 in.
Spread
12–18 in.
Bloom
Orange
Plant type
Perennial
Traditional use
respiratory support, digestive health, pain relief, reproductive health
