Foliage: The leaves are dark green, leathery, and elliptic, with serrated edges, providing a dense, evergreen appearance year-round.

Flowers: Produces small, white flowers in late spring to early summer, followed by small, red berries in the fall if both male and female plants are present.

Light Requirements: Prefers partial shade to full sun. Ilex paraguariensis thrives in locations with filtered sunlight or light shade, especially during the hottest part of the day. It can tolerate full sun, particularly in cooler climates, but in its natural environment, it often grows under the canopy of larger trees, so some protection from intense sunlight is beneficial.

Soil Requirements: Prefers well-draining, acidic soil. Ilex paraguariensis grows best in fertile, loamy soil with a pH range of 4.5-6.0. It can adapt to various soil types, including sandy and clay soils, as long as they are well-draining. The plant prefers soil that is rich in organic matter, so incorporating compost or other organic materials will help improve soil fertility and structure.

Watering: Requires regular watering. Ilex paraguariensis prefers consistently moist soil, particularly during the growing season. It does not tolerate drought well, so regular watering is essential, especially in dry periods. However, the soil should not be waterlogged, as this can lead to root rot. Mulching around the base of the plant can help retain moisture and regulate soil temperature.

Temperature and Humidity: Hardy in USDA zones 8-10. Ilex paraguariensis is native to subtropical regions and thrives in warm, humid environments. It is frost-sensitive and should be protected from temperatures below 30°F (-1°C). In cooler climates, it is often grown in containers that can be moved indoors during the winter months. High humidity is ideal for this plant, mimicking its natural habitat.

Fertilization: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring to encourage healthy growth. During the growing season, additional applications of a liquid fertilizer every 4-6 weeks can help sustain the plant’s vigor. Organic fertilizers, such as compost tea or well-rotted manure, are also beneficial and can be applied annually to maintain soil fertility.

Pruning: Prune lightly in late winter or early spring to maintain shape and encourage bushier growth. Ilex paraguariensis can grow into a large shrub or small tree, so regular pruning helps keep it manageable and promotes a more compact, bushy form. Pruning also helps maintain the health of the plant by removing dead or damaged branches.

Pests and Problems: Generally pest-resistant but may occasionally be affected by common garden pests such as aphids or spider mites. Ensuring good air circulation around the plant can help prevent fungal diseases like leaf spot. If pests or diseases are detected, treat with insecticidal soap or neem oil. Regular inspection and proper garden hygiene are key to maintaining plant health.