Foliage: The leaves are leathery, dark green, and oblong, providing a dense, evergreen appearance year-round.

Flowers: Produces small, white flowers in the spring, followed by black berries in the fall if both male and female plants are present.

Light Requirements: Prefers full sun to partial shade. Ilex coriacea thrives in areas that receive at least 4-6 hours of sunlight daily. While it can tolerate partial shade, particularly in warmer climates, full sun is ideal for optimal growth and fruiting.

Soil Requirements: Thrives in well-draining, acidic soil. Ilex coriacea prefers moist, sandy, or peaty soils with a pH range of 4.5-6.0. It is naturally found in wetland areas, so it performs well in soils that retain moisture. Although it can tolerate occasional flooding, well-drained soil is ideal to prevent root rot. Incorporating organic matter like compost can improve soil structure and fertility.

Watering: Requires regular watering, especially during the growing season and in dry periods. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Ilex coriacea is adapted to wet conditions and does best with regular moisture. During dry spells, additional watering will help maintain healthy growth and foliage.

Temperature and Humidity: Hardy in USDA zones 6-9. Ilex coriacea is well-suited to temperate climates and can tolerate a range of temperatures, including cold winters and hot summers. It prefers moderate to high humidity levels, which is typical of its native wetland habitats. In colder regions, mulching around the base of the plant can help protect the roots during winter.

Fertilization: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth and encourage flowering and fruiting. Use a fertilizer formulated for acid-loving plants to maintain soil acidity. An additional feeding in mid-summer can help sustain the plant during the peak growing period. Organic fertilizers, such as compost or well-rotted manure, can also be beneficial.

Pruning: Prune lightly in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. Pruning helps maintain the plant’s shape and remove any dead or damaged branches. Regular pruning is generally minimal but can help keep the plant tidy and promote healthy growth.

Pests and Problems: Generally pest-resistant, but may occasionally be affected by common garden pests such as scale insects or aphids. Ensure good air circulation around the plant to prevent fungal diseases like leaf spot or powdery mildew. If pests or diseases are detected, treat with insecticidal soap or neem oil. Regular inspection and good garden hygiene can help maintain plant health.