Flower Structure: Produces small, white flowers in spring, which are generally inconspicuous but fragrant.

Berry Production: Female plants produce bright red berries in fall and winter, attracting birds and adding color to the garden.

Light Requirements: Prefers full sun to partial shade. Full sun promotes dense growth and optimal berry production, while partial shade can help prevent leaf scorch in hotter climates.

Soil Requirements: Thrives in well-draining soil and is adaptable to various soil types including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. It prefers slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0).

Watering: Requires regular watering during the first growing season to establish a deep root system. Once established, it is moderately drought-tolerant but performs best with consistent moisture. Water deeply and infrequently to encourage strong root growth.

Temperature and Humidity: Hardy in USDA zones 7-9. Tolerates a wide range of temperatures and performs well in both humid and dry conditions. Protect young plants from extreme cold in their first few years.

Fertilization: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth and berry production. An annual application of compost can enhance soil fertility and structure.

Pruning: Prune in late winter or early spring to maintain shape and remove dead or damaged branches. Light pruning helps encourage bushier growth and better air circulation. Avoid heavy pruning, which can reduce berry production.

Pests and Problems: Generally pest-free but can occasionally attract scale insects and spider mites. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead watering to reduce the risk of fungal diseases. If pests are detected, treat with insecticidal soap or neem oil.

Suitable Environment: Ideal for hedges, privacy screens, foundation plantings, or as a specimen plant. Its attractive, glossy green foliage and bright red berries add year-round interest and support local wildlife by providing food and shelter.